Regional compositing

ABSTRACT

A method for regional compositing includes compositing a plurality of video planes and at least one graphics plane. Graphics elements of the at least one graphics plane may be stored into a single graphics plane. A rectangle may be associated to one or more graphics elements of the single graphics plane. A Z-order of the plurality of video planes and the at least one graphics plane may be determined according to rectangular regions defined by rectangles associated with graphics elements of the single graphics plane. A pixel-by-pixel Z-order may be performed based on the determined Z-order of the plurality of video planes and the at least one graphics plane.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,208, filed on Apr. 15,2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present description relates generally to signal processing, and moreparticularly, but not exclusively, to regional compositing.

BACKGROUND

Video compositing may involve blending one or more video components witha graphics background that may have multiple graphics elements. Forexample, the video components may include a main video that fully coversa video plane and a picture-in-picture (PIP) video that may be displayedon a portion of the video plane. The graphics background may include agraphics plane that may contain a number of graphics elements, such asimages, text boxes, user interfaces (UIs), and texts in various formats.In existing set top box (STB) platforms, compositing usage cases may bequite simple. For example, the video and graphics planes may be providedand the order of the planes from top to bottom may be specified, and theblending may be performed on a per-pixel basis. This may work fine fortraditional usage cases, where UI or closed captioning may be used ontop of video.

The video and graphics industry, however, appears to be moving away fromthe traditional usage cases and are pushing for much more flexiblemodels, especially in terms of graphics. For example, the customers maydemand blending of multiple graphics surfaces and multiple videosurfaces in various orders, which breaks the assumption of a singlegraphics plane, and if not properly handled may significantly impact thebandwidth, performance, and/or complexity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appendedclaims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of thesubject technology are set forth in the following figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of multiple video planes and graphicsplanes for regional compositing in accordance with one or moreimplementations.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate an example of regional compositing of multiplevideo planes and graphics planes in accordance with one or moreimplementations.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a system for regional compositing ofmultiple video planes and graphics planes in accordance with one or moreimplementations.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method for regional compositing ofmultiple video planes and graphics planes in accordance with one or moreimplementations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description ofvarious configurations of the subject technology and is not intended torepresent the only configurations in which the subject technology may bepracticed. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitutea part of the detailed description. The detailed description includesspecific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understandingof the subject technology. However, it will be clear and apparent tothose skilled in the art that the subject technology is not limited tothe specific details set forth herein and may be practiced using one ormore implementations. In one or more instances, well-known structuresand components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoidobscuring the concepts of the subject technology.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of multiple video planes A and B andgraphics planes C and D for regional compositing in accordance with oneor more implementations of the subject technology. The video plane A mayinclude a full-screen video plane including a primary video content V1with an exemplary resolution of 1920×1080 pixels. The video plane B mayinclude a secondary video content V2, which can be displayed as apicture-in-picture (PIP) video in a pre-determined position in the videoplane B. The rest of the area of the video plane B, not covered by thePIP, is undefined (e.g., do not care). The graphics plane C includes agraphics element G1 and the graphics plane D includes a graphics elementG2. In one or more implementations, the graphics element G1 may includea user interface (UI) and the graphics element G2 may include a closedcaption. The graphics planes C and D may include more than one graphicselements, and the graphics elements (e.g., G1 and G2) may include othergraphics elements, such as images, text boxes and the like. The rest ofthe area of the graphics planes C and D, not covered by the graphicselements G1 and G2, are undefined (e.g., do not care).

In one or more implementations, multiple graphics planes, such asgraphics planes C and D may be stored in a single graphics plane G whichincludes all the graphics elements of the graphics planes C and D. Insome aspects, two or more of the graphics elements of the multiplegraphics planes may partially overlap one another. The subjecttechnology provides for a bandwidth-efficient and flexible technique forcompositing multiple video planes (e.g., video planes A and B) and asingle graphics plane (e.g., single graphics plane G), storing graphicscontents of a number of graphics planes (e.g., graphics planes C and D),using regional compositing.

The subject technology offers a number of advantages over the existingsolutions, such as video tunnel, video as graphics, and more graphicsplanes. The existing solutions although may work fine for their intendedpurposes, but have serious limitations. For example, the video tunnelapproach may require additional bandwidth for read/re-write of pixels tomodify the per-pixel alpha in the graphics path, may havesynchronization issues, may require a graphics blitter, and may lackflexibility in compositing video and graphics planes of differentgraphics resolution or color formats. The video as graphics, also knownas the PC model, which uses an engine to blit sources (e.g., video orgraphic) into a final graphics frame buffer, has significant bandwidth,performance, and large graphics buffer issues. The more graphics planesmethod uses two graphics plane and one video plane, and may deal withmultiple frame buffers and increased bandwidth and memory allocation.

The subject technology, however, can determine the Z-order ofvideo/graphics planes according to rectangular regions, which areassociated with the single graphics plane (e.g., a given graphics framebuffer) and can change as the graphics frame buffer is updated. Thedisclosed technology may not require modification of a per-pixel alphacomponent, can solve the synchronization issues, and can be flexible interms of graphics frame buffer format and updating graphics. The subjecttechnology can make these improvements, without increased memoryallocation and/or bandwidth, and may not require video operations in thegraphics pipeline, as the existing solutions, such as PC model, does.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate an example of regional compositing of multiplevideo planes and graphics planes in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the subject technology. The subject technology mayuse regional compositing technique to composite a number of video planessuch as video planes A and B of FIG. 1 with the single graphics plane G.The regional compositing technique may include associating a rectangleto one or more graphics elements of the single graphics plane G. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 2A, rectangles 142 and 152 are associated withthe graphics elements G2 and G1, respectively. In one or more aspects,the rectangles may include regions beyond the borders of the graphicselements. For example, when one or more graphics elements are ofnon-rectangular shape (e.g., circular, polygonal, irregular, etc.) theassociated rectangles may include additional regions not covered by thegraphics elements.

In one or more implementations of the subject technology, each rectangle(e.g., rectangles 142 and 152) may correspond to a Z-ordering that maydefine the order from bottom-to-top for placing a portion of the videoplanes A and B and the single graphics plane G that are located insidethe rectangle. The Z-order (e.g., blending order in the Z direction) ofthe video planes and graphics planes may be determined for each pixel ofa composite frame by identifying a rectangular region that the pixel islocated on and a rectangle associated with the rectangular region. AZ-order may be assigned to each rectangle. In FIG. 2B, configurations230, 240, and 250 show rectangles 142 and 152, respectively, associatedwith graphics elements G2 and G1 of the single graphics plane G, andrectangles 162 and 164 identifying the regions in the single graphicsplane G that are not associated with rectangles 142 and 152.

The rectangle 142, for example, may be assigned a Z-order defined by:G/B/A, where “/” is interpreted as “on top of,” and the rectangle 152may be assigned a separate Z-order defined, for example, by: B/G/Aorder. The assignment of the G/B/A Z-order to the rectangle 142 impliesthat, in the rectangular region of a composite frame 260 correspondingto the rectangle 142, the order of placement from bottom-to-top is thecontent of video plane A of FIG. 1, video plane B of FIG. 1, and thesingle graphics plane G of FIG. 1. In a rectangular region of the frame260 corresponding to the rectangle 152, the order of placement frombottom-to-top is the content of video plane A, the single graphics planeG, and the video plane B. In the regions identified by rectangles 162and 164, the corresponding video content V1 of video plane A may bedisplayed, thus the Z-order for the rectangles 162 and 164 is shown asA. As seen from the composite frame 260, in the region corresponding tothe rectangle 142, the graphics element G2 of the single graphics planeG is rendered on the top of the Video plane V2 and therefore the videocontent V2 is not visible; whereas in the region corresponding torectangle 152, the Video content V2 is rendered on the top of thegraphics content G1, and therefore the video content V2 is visible inthis area. In the other regions, the Z-order is A and only the contentV1 of the video plane A is rendered.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a system 300 for regional compositingof multiple video planes and graphics planes in accordance with one ormore implementations of the subject technology. The system 300 mayinclude a video-broadcasting system, for example, a set top box such asa Wi-Fi interface STB or a satellite digital TV (DTV) STB, a smart TV, aportable communication device, a personal computer, a Blu-ray device, orany other system or device that can process and display video content.The system 300 may include, but is not limited to, one or moreprocessors 310, a compositor 320, one or more hardware (HW) cores 330,memory 340, and a bus 350. The memory 340 may include multiple registersand data blocks 348, storing various data, and program modules includinga rectangles module 342, a Z-order module 344, an update module 346, andone or more other program modules. The one or more processors 310 mayexecute the program modules stored in memory 340, for example, therectangles module 342, the Z-order module 344, and the update module346. In one or more implementations, the one or more processors 310 orone or more of the HW cores 330 may perform the functionalities of therectangles module 342, the Z-order module 344, and the update module346.

In one or more implementations of the subject technology, a separatehardware core 330, such as a blitter, may combine multiple graphicsplanes, for example, the graphics planes C and D of FIG. 1 to form thesingle graphics plane G of FIG. 1. The compositor 320 may be configuredto composite multiple video planes such as video planes A and B of FIG.2 and the single graphics plane G. In one or more aspects, the singlegraphics plane G may be a flexible format graphics plane that isindependent of an alpha channel and may include graphics elements withred-green-blue (RGB) 565 format that does not use the alpha channel.Further, the resolution of the single graphics plane G may be differentthan the display resolution.

The rectangles module 342 may associate rectangles 142 or 152 of FIG. 2Ato graphics elements G1 and G2 of the single graphics plane G. Therectangles module 342 may store rectangles associations information(e.g., coordinates information of the region covered by each rectangle)in one or more registers and/or data blocks 348 of the memory 340. Theidea of using rectangles for blending multiple video planes and graphicsplanes may eliminate the synchronization issues encountered in theexisting solutions.

The Z-order module 344 may determine a Z-order of the video planes A andB and the graphics planes C and D according to rectangular regionsdefined by rectangles 142 and 152 associated with graphics elements G1and G2 of the single graphics plane G. For example, the Z-order modulemay determine that the Z-order for the rectangle 142 is G/B/A and theZ-order for the rectangle 152 is B/GA. The Z order for various regionsmay be determined based on the content of the video plane and graphicsplanes (e.g., video planes A and B and the graphics planes C and D) anda configuration design of the composite frame 260. The Z-order module344 may store the Z-order information associated with the rectangles inone or more registers and/or data blocks 348 of the memory 340, asproperties of the rectangles.

The compositor 320 may be further configured to perform a pixel-by-pixelZ-order of a composite frame 260 of FIG. 2B based on the determinedZ-orders of the plurality of the video planes A and B and the singlegraphics plane G in the composite frame 260. The compositor 320 mayperform the pixel-by-pixel Z-order for each pixel of the composite frame260, by blending corresponding pixels of the plurality the video planesA and B and the single graphics planes G in the composite frame 260based on the placement order corresponding to the rectangle associatedwith the determined rectangular region for that pixel. For example, foreach pixel in the regions of the composite frame 260 that corresponds tothe rectangles 162 and 164 of FIG. 2B, the compositor 320 may apply theZ-order A associated with the rectangles 162 and 164, and use pixels ofthe video content V1 of the video plane A to render that region. Foreach pixel in a region of the composite frame 260 that correspond to therectangles 142, on the other hand, the compositor 320 may apply theZ-order G/B/A associated with the rectangle 142, and may therefore blendthe pixels of the video plane A, video plane B, and the single graphicsplane G to render those regions.

The compositor 320 may use a blending equation: R=αS+(1−α)D to performblending of each pixel. In the blending equation, S and D, respectivelyrefer to source and destination planes and define the colors of thesource and destination at the pixel to be rendered, R is the resultingcolor from blending S and D, and α defines the transparency with respectto the source plane S. It is understood that source plane S is bydefinition overlaid on top of the destination plane D. For example, ifα=0, then R=D, that is the S plane is transparent. For example, whenblending B/D/A, the compositor 320 may first apply the blending equationto the graphics plane D and the video plane A, as the respective S and Dplanes, to obtain a result R_(DA), and then blend R_(DA) as the S sourceplane with the video plane B as the destination plane D, using theblending equation.

The update module 346 may be configured to update graphics elements ofthe graphics planes C and D at a rate independent of the video planes Aand B. The updated versions of the graphics planes C and D can be usedby the blitter (e.g., 330) to form the updated version of the singlegraphics plane G, before it is used by the compositor 320. For example,the graphics elements may include closed caption text that is updatedfor each video frame. However, since there is no need forsynchronization between graphics planes and video planes, in thedisclosed technology, the update rate of the graphics planes and thevideo planes may be independent of one another.

The one or more HW cores 330 may include dedicated cores that executespecific functions such as decoding, scaling, 3-D rendering and so on.One or more processors 310 may be a general-purpose processor (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU)), a graphics processing unit (GPU), amicrocontroller, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an FPGA, a Programmable Logic Device(PLD), a controller, a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any other suitable entity that can perform calculationsor other manipulations of information. The memory 340 may include randomaccess memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), static Ram (SRAM), flashmemory, etc.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method 400 for regional compositingof multiple video planes and graphics planes in accordance with one ormore implementations of the subject technology. The method 400 beginswith operation block 410, where compositing multiple video planes (e.g.,A and B of FIG. 1) and one or more graphics planes (e.g., C and D ofFIG. 1) is performed by: Storing (e.g., by 330 of FIG. 3), at operationblock 412, graphics elements (e.g., G1 and G2 of FIG. 1) of the one ormore graphics planes into a single graphics plane (e.g., G of FIG. 1);associating, at operation block 414, a rectangle (e.g., 142 and 152 ofFIG. 2A) to one or more graphics elements of the single graphics plane;determining (e.g., by 344 of FIG. 3) a Z-order (e.g., B/G/A of FIG. 2b )of the multiple video planes and the one or more graphics planesaccording to rectangular regions defined by rectangles associated withgraphics elements of the single graphics plane (operation block 416);and performing (e.g., by 320 of FIG. 3) a pixel-by-pixel Z-order basedon the determined Z-order of the plurality of video planes and the atleast one graphics plane (operation block 418).

Those of skill in the art would appreciate that the various illustrativeblocks, modules, elements, components, and methods described herein maybe implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, orcombinations of both. To illustrate this interchangeability of hardwareand software, various illustrative blocks, modules, elements,components, and methods have been described above generally in terms oftheir functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented ashardware or software depends upon the particular application and designconstraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans mayimplement the described functionality in varying ways for eachparticular application. Various components and blocks may be arrangeddifferently (e.g., arranged in a different order, or partitioned in adifferent way) all without departing from the scope of the subjecttechnology.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series ofitems, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items,modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e.,each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection ofat least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaningthat includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least oneof any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of theitems. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or“at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C;any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, andC.

A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect isessential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to allconfigurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to anaspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations.An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrasesuch as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. Aphrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment isessential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies toall configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating toan embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments.An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. Aphrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments andvice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that suchconfiguration is essential to the subject technology or that suchconfiguration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Adisclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations,or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or moreexamples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may referto one or more configurations and vice versa.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration,” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed aspreferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to theextent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in thedescription or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted whenemployed as a transitional word in a claim.

All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the variousaspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or latercome to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expresslyincorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed bythe claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to bededicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure isexplicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construedunder the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless theelement is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in thecase of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “stepfor.”

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the various aspects described herein. Variousmodifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied toother aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to theaspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistentwith the language claims, wherein reference to an element in thesingular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specificallyso stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically statedotherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in themasculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., herand its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used forconvenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for regional compositing, the methodcomprising compositing a plurality of video planes and at least onegraphics plane by: storing graphics elements of the at least onegraphics plane into a single graphics plane; associating each rectangleof two or more rectangles to one or more graphics elements of the singlegraphics plane; assigning a different Z-order to each rectangle of thetwo or more rectangles; determining the Z-order of the plurality ofvideo planes and the at least one graphics plane according to two ormore rectangular regions defined by the two or more rectanglesassociated with the one or more graphics elements of the single graphicsplane, wherein determining the Z-order of the plurality of video planesand the at least one graphics plane further comprises determining foreach pixel of a composite frame a rectangular region of the two or morerectangular regions that the pixel is located on and a correspondingrectangle of the two or more rectangles; and performing a pixel-by-pixelZ-order blending based on the determined Z-order of the plurality ofvideo planes and the at least one graphics plane.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the Z-order defines a relative order from bottom-to-top forplacing a portion of the plurality of video planes and the at least onegraphics plane that is located inside the rectangle of the two or morerectangles.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein performing thepixel-by-pixel Z-order further comprises, for each pixel of thecomposite frame, blending corresponding pixels of the plurality of videoplanes and the at least one graphics plane based on the Z-ordercorresponding to the rectangle associated with the determinedrectangular region of the two or more rectangular regions for thatpixel.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphics elements of the atleast one graphics plane are updated at a rate independent of theplurality of video planes.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprisingavoiding synchronization issues by associating the rectangles withgraphic elements.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the single graphicsplane comprises a flexible format graphics plane that is independent ofan alpha channel and includes a red-green-blue (RGB) 565 format graphicselement, and wherein a resolution of the single graphics plane isdifferent than a display resolution.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of video planes comprise at least one of a main videoplane or a picture-in-picture (PIP) video plane, and wherein thegraphics elements of the at least one graphics plane comprise at leastone of images, user interfaces (UIs), or text boxes.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein performing the method allows compositing without videooperations in the graphics pipeline, and without increased memoryallocation and additional bandwidth to perform the video operations. 9.A system for regional compositing, the system comprising: a compositorconfigured to composite a plurality of video planes and at least onegraphics plane by using a single graphics plane to store graphicselements of the at least one graphics plane; a processor configured to:associate each rectangle of two or more rectangles to one or moregraphics elements of the single graphics plane; assign a differentZ-order to each rectangle of the two or more rectangles; and determinethe Z-order of the plurality of video planes and the at least onegraphics plane according to two or more rectangular regions defined bythe two or more rectangles associated with the one or more graphicselements of the single graphics plane, wherein determining the Z-orderof the plurality of video planes and the at least one graphics planefurther comprises determining for each pixel of a composite frame arectangular region of the two or more rectangular regions that the pixelis located on and a corresponding rectangle of the two or morerectangles, and the compositor is further configured to perform apixel-by-pixel Z-order blending based on the determined Z-order of theplurality of video planes and the at least one graphics plane.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein each rectangle corresponds to a Z-order, andwherein the compositor is further configured to place from bottom-to-topa portion of the plurality of video planes and the at least one graphicsplane that is located inside the rectangle based on a relative orderdefined by the Z-order.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the Z-orderdefines a relative order from bottom-to-top for placing a portion of theplurality of video planes and the at least one graphics plane that islocated inside the rectangle of the two or more rectangles.
 12. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the compositor is configured to perform thepixel-by-pixel Z-order by blending, for each pixel of the compositeframe, corresponding pixels of the plurality of video planes and the atleast one graphics plane based on the Z-order corresponding to therectangle associated with the determined rectangular region of the twoor more rectangular regions for that pixel.
 13. The system of claim 9,further comprising an update module configured to update graphicselements of the at least one graphics plane at a rate independent of theplurality of video planes.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein theprocessor is configured to associate the rectangles with graphicselements and to use the association to avoid synchronization issues. 15.The system of claim 9, wherein the compositor is configured to performcompositing without video operations in the graphics pipeline, andwithout increased memory allocation and additional bandwidth to performthe video operations.
 16. A video-broadcasting system comprising: memoryto store an algorithm for compositing a plurality of video planes and atleast one graphics plane; and one or more processors coupled to thememory to execute the algorithm, the algorithm comprising: storing aplurality of graphics elements of the at least one graphics plane into asingle graphics plane; associating each rectangle of two or morerectangles to at least one graphics element of the single graphicsplane; assigning a different Z-order to each rectangle of the two ormore rectangles; determining the Z-order of the plurality of videoplanes and the at least one graphics plane according to two or morerectangular regions defined by the two or more rectangles associatedwith the at least one graphics element of the single graphics plane,wherein determining the Z-order of the plurality of video planes and theat least one graphics plane further comprises determining for each pixelof a composite frame a rectangular region of the two or more rectangularregions that the pixel is located on and a corresponding rectangle ofthe two or more rectangles; and performing a pixel-by-pixel Z-orderblending based on the determined Z-order of the plurality of videoplanes and the at least one graphics plane.
 17. The video-broadcastingsystem of claim 16, wherein the Z-order defines a relative order frombottom-to-top for placing a portion of the plurality of video planes andthe at least one graphics plane that is located inside the rectangle ofthe two or more rectangles.
 18. The video-broadcasting system of claim16, wherein: performing the pixel-by-pixel Z-order further comprises,for each pixel of the composite frame, blending corresponding pixels ofthe plurality of video planes and the at least one graphics plane basedon the Z-order corresponding to the rectangle associated with thedetermined rectangular region of the two or more rectangular regions forthat pixel.
 19. The video-broadcasting system of claim 16, wherein thegraphics elements of the at least one graphics plane are updated at arate independent of the plurality of video planes, and wherein thesingle graphics plane comprises a flexible format graphics plane that isindependent of an alpha channel.
 20. The video-broadcasting system ofclaim 16, wherein a resolution of the single graphics plane is differentthan a display resolution, the plurality of video planes comprise atleast one of a main video plane or a picture-in-picture (PIP) videoplane, and wherein the graphics elements of the at least one graphicsplane comprise at least one of images, user interfaces (UIs), or textboxes.